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Was Listerine Toothpaste Taken Off the Market Again

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Liquid rinse for oral hygiene

Mouthwash, mouth rinse, oral rinse, or mouth bath [1] is a liquid which is held in the mouth passively or swilled around the oral fissure by wrinkle of the perioral muscles and/or movement of the head, and may be gargled, where the head is tilted dorsum and the liquid bubbled at the dorsum of the oral fissure.

Normally mouthwashes are antiseptic solutions intended to reduce the microbial load in the mouth, although other mouthwashes might be given for other reasons such as for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory or anti-fungal action. Additionally, some rinses deed equally saliva substitutes to neutralize acid and keep the mouth moist in xerostomia (dry mouth).[ii] [iii] Cosmetic mouthrinses temporarily command or reduce bad jiff and leave the rima oris with a pleasant sense of taste.[4]

Rinsing with water or mouthwash after brushing with a fluoride toothpaste can reduce the availability of salivary fluoride. This can lower the anti-crenel re-mineralization and antibacterial furnishings of fluoride.[five] [6] [seven] Fluoridated mouthwash may mitigate this effect or in high concentrations increase available fluoride, but is not equally cost constructive equally leaving the fluoride toothpaste on the teeth after brushing.[5] A group of experts discussing post brushing rinsing in 2012 plant that although in that location was clear guidance given in many public health communication publications to "spit, avoid rinsing with water/excessive rinsing with h2o"[viii] they believed at that place was a limited evidence base for best practice.[9]

Apply [edit]

Common use involves rinsing the mouth with most 20-50 ml (2/3 fl oz) of mouthwash. The launder is typically swished or gargled for about half a minute and then spat out. Most companies propose not drinking water immediately later on using mouthwash. In some brands, the expectorate is stained, and so that one can see the bacteria and debris.[10] [11] [12] Mouthwash should non be used immediately after brushing the teeth so as not to launder away the beneficial fluoride residue left from the toothpaste. Similarly, the mouth should not exist rinsed out with water afterward brushing. Patients were told to "spit don't rinse" subsequently toothbrushing equally part of a National Wellness Service entrada in the UK.[13] A fluoride mouthrinse can be used at a different time of the day to brushing.[8]

Gargling is where the head is tilted back, allowing the mouthwash to sit down in the back of the mouth while exhaling, causing the liquid to chimera. Gargling is skilful in Nippon for perceived prevention of viral infection. One normally used fashion is with infusions or tea. In some cultures, gargling is usually done in individual, typically in a bathroom at a sink so the liquid can be rinsed away.[14]

Effects [edit]

The almost-commonly-used mouthwashes are commercial antiseptics, which are used at habitation as part of an oral hygiene routine. Mouthwashes combine ingredients to treat a multifariousness of oral conditions. Variations are common, and mouthwash has no standard conception, so its use and recommendation involves concerns most patient safety. Some manufacturers of mouthwash state that their antiseptic and antiplaque mouthwashes kill the bacterial plaque that causes cavities, gingivitis, and bad breath. It is, however, more often than not agreed that the apply of mouthwash does non eliminate the demand for both brushing and flossing.[fifteen] [16] [17] The American Dental Association asserts that regular brushing and proper flossing are plenty in almost cases, in addition to regular dental bank check-ups, although they corroborate many mouthwashes.[xviii] For many patients, however, the mechanical methods could be tedious and fourth dimension-consuming, and, additionally, some local conditions may render them especially difficult. Chemotherapeutic agents, including mouthwashes, could have a key role as adjuncts to daily home care, preventing and controlling supragingival plaque, gingivitis and oral malodor.[19]

Minor and transient side furnishings of mouthwashes are very common, such as taste disturbance, tooth staining, awareness of a dry out mouth, etc. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes may make dry mouth and halitosis worse, as they dry out the mouth.[20] [21] Soreness, ulceration and redness may sometimes occur (due east.yard., aphthous stomatitis or allergic contact stomatitis) if the person is allergic or sensitive to mouthwash ingredients, such every bit preservatives, coloring, flavors and fragrances. Such furnishings might be reduced or eliminated past diluting the mouthwash with water, using a dissimilar mouthwash (e.k. saltwater), or foregoing mouthwash entirely.

Prescription mouthwashes are used prior to and after oral surgery procedures, such as tooth extraction, or to treat the hurting associated with mucositis caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy. They are besides prescribed for aphthous ulcers, other oral ulcers, and other mouth hurting.[22] "Magic mouthwashes" are prescription mouthwashes compounded in a chemist's shop from a listing of ingredients specified by a doc.[23] [24] Despite a lack of evidence that prescription mouthwashes are more effective in decreasing the hurting of oral lesions, many patients and prescribers continue to use them. There has been only one controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of magic mouthwash; it shows no deviation in efficacy betwixt the almost mutual magic-mouthwash formulation, on the one hand, and commercial mouthwashes (such equally chlorhexidine) or a saline/baking soda solution, on the other. Current guidelines propose that saline solution is but every bit effective every bit magic mouthwash in hurting relief and in shortening the healing time of oral mucositis from cancer therapies.[22]

History [edit]

Listerine advert, 1932.

Swedish ad for toiletries, 1905/1906.

Sterisol mouthwash (1963)

The starting time known references to oral cavity rinsing is in Ayurveda[25] for treatment of gingivitis.[26] Later, in the Greek and Roman periods, mouth rinsing following mechanical cleansing became mutual amongst the upper classes, and Hippocrates recommended a mixture of common salt, alum, and vinegar.[27] The Jewish Talmud, dating back about one,800 years, suggests a cure for mucilage ailments containing "dough h2o" and olive oil.[28]

Earlier Europeans came to the Americas, Native North American and Mesoamerican cultures used mouthwashes, often made from plants such as Coptis trifolia.[29] Indeed, Aztec dentistry was more than avant-garde than European dentistry of the age.[29] Peoples of the Americas used common salt h2o mouthwashes for sore throats, and other mouthwashes for problems such as teething and mouth ulcers.[29]

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the famous 17th century microscopist, discovered living organisms (living, considering they were mobile) in deposits on the teeth (what we now phone call dental plaque). He also found organisms in water from the canal adjacent to his dwelling in Delft. He experimented with samples by adding vinegar or brandy and plant that this resulted in the immediate immobilization or killing of the organisms suspended in water. Next he tried rinsing the mouth of himself and somebody else with a mouthwash containing vinegar or brandy and found that living organisms remained in the dental plaque. He concluded—correctly—that the mouthwash either did non reach, or was non present long enough, to impale the plaque organisms.[30] In 1892, German Richard Seifert invented mouthwash production Odol, which was produced past company founder Karl Baronial Lingner (1861–1916) in Dresden.[31]

That remained the state of affairs until the late 1960s when Harald Loe (at the fourth dimension a professor at the Royal Dental College in Aarhus, Denmark) demonstrated that a chlorhexidine compound could forbid the build-upward of dental plaque. The reason for chlorhexidine's effectiveness is that it strongly adheres to surfaces in the oral cavity and thus remains present in effective concentrations for many hours.[32]

Since then commercial interest in mouthwashes has been intense and several newer products claim effectiveness in reducing the build-up in dental plaque and the associated severity of gingivitis, in addition to fighting bad breath. Many of these solutions aim to control the Volatile Sulfur Compound (VSC)-creating anaerobic bacteria that live in the mouth and excrete substances that pb to bad breath and unpleasant mouth gustatory modality.[11] [10] [33] [34] [35] For instance, the number of mouthwash variants in the Usa of America has grown from 15 (1970) to 66 (1998) to 113 (2012).[36]

Inquiry [edit]

Research in the field of microbiotas shows that only a limited gear up of microbes cause tooth decay, with well-nigh of the bacteria in the human being oral fissure being harmless. Focused attending on cavity-causing leaner such as Streptococcus mutans has led research into new mouthwash treatments that prevent these leaner from initially growing. While electric current mouthwash treatments must be used with a degree of frequency to prevent this bacteria from regrowing, futurity treatments could provide a viable long-term solution.[37]

Ingredients [edit]

Booze [edit]

An case of a commercial mouthwash brand which is alcohol-gratuitous

Alcohol is added to mouthwash not to destroy bacteria simply to act as a carrier agent for essential active ingredients such as menthol, eucalyptol and thymol, which help to penetrate plaque.[38] Sometimes a significant amount of alcohol (upwards to 27% vol) is added,[39] as a carrier for the flavor, to provide "bite".[40] [ unreliable medical source? ] Because of the alcohol content, it is possible to fail a breathalyzer exam after rinsing, although breath alcohol levels return to normal after 10 minutes.[41] In improver, alcohol is a drying agent, which encourages bacterial activity in the mouth, releasing more malodorous volatile sulfur compounds. Therefore, booze-containing mouthwash may temporarily worsen halitosis in those who already have information technology, or, indeed, exist the sole cause of halitosis in other individuals.[42]

It is hypothesized that alcohol in mouthwashes acts as a carcinogen (cancer-inducing amanuensis). Mostly, there is no scientific consensus almost this.[43] [44] [45] One review stated:

There is at present sufficient evidence to accept the proposition that developing oral cancer is increased or contributed to by the use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes. Whilst many of these products may accept been shown to be effective in penetrating oral microbial biofilms in vitro and reducing oral bacterial load, information technology would exist wise to restrict their utilize to short-term therapeutic situations if needed. Perhaps the apply of mouthwashes that exercise not incorporate alcohol may exist equally constructive. Further, mouthrinses should exist prescribed past dentists, similar whatever other medication. At that place may well be a reason for the use of booze-containing mouthrinses, only only for a detail situation and for a limited and controlled period of time. As such, patients should exist provided with written instructions for mouthwash use, and mouthwash use should be restricted to adults for brusk durations and specific, conspicuously defined reasons. It is the opinion of the authors that, in light of the evidence currently available of the association of alcohol-containing mouthwashes with the evolution of oral cancer, information technology would be inadvisable for oral healthcare professionals to recommend the long-term utilize of alcohol-containing mouthwashes.[46]

The aforementioned researchers also state that the risk of acquiring oral cancer rises virtually five times for users of alcohol-containing mouthwash who neither smoke nor drink (with a higher rate of increment for those who practice).[47] In addition, the authors highlight side effects from several mainstream mouthwashes that included dental erosion and accidental poisoning of children.[48] The review garnered media attention[49] and alien opinions from other researchers. Yinka Ebo of Cancer Enquiry Great britain disputed the findings, concluding that "at that place is still not enough evidence to suggest that using mouthwash that contains alcohol will increase the chance of mouth cancer".[50] Studies conducted in 1985,[51] 1995,[52] 2003,[43] and 2012[53] did non support an association between alcohol-containing mouth rinses and oral cancer. Andrew Penman, master executive of The Cancer Quango New South Wales, called for further research on the matter.[54] In a March 2009 brief, the American Dental Association said "the available show does not support a connection betwixt oral cancer and alcohol-containing mouthrinse".[55] Many newer brands of mouthwash are booze free, not just in response to consumer concerns nigh oral cancer, but also to cater for religious groups who abjure from alcohol consumption.

Benzydamine (analgesic) [edit]

In painful oral conditions such equally aphthous stomatitis, analgesic mouthrinses (e.g. benzydamine mouthwash, or "Difflam") are sometimes used to ease pain, unremarkably used before meals to reduce discomfort while eating.

Benzoic acid [edit]

Benzoic acid acts as a buffer.[38]

Betamethasone [edit]

Betamethasone is sometimes used as an anti-inflammatory, corticosteroid mouthwash. Information technology may be used for severe inflammatory conditions of the oral mucosa such as the severe forms of aphthous stomatitis.[56] : 209

Cetylpyridinium chloride (antiseptic, antimalodor) [edit]

Cetylpyridinium chloride containing mouthwash (e.k. 0.05%) is used in some specialized mouthwashes for halitosis.[57] Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash has less anti-plaque upshot than chlorhexidine and may cause staining of teeth, or sometimes an oral burning awareness or ulceration.[58]

Chlorhexidine digluconate and hexetidine (clarified) [edit]

Chlorhexidine digluconate is a chemical antiseptic and is used in a 0.12–0.2% solution equally a mouthwash.[xi] [38] [59] Yet, at that place is no evidence to back up that college concentrations are more constructive in controlling dental plaque and gingivitis.[sixty] It has anti-plaque action, but also some anti-fungal action.[58] It is particularly constructive confronting Gram-negative rods.[58] The proportion of Gram-negative rods increase as gingivitis develops, so it is besides used to reduce gingivitis.[sixty] It is sometimes used as an adjunct to foreclose dental caries and to treat gingivitis periodontal disease,[58] although it does not penetrate into periodontal pockets well.[61] Chlorhexidine mouthwash alone is unable to prevent plaque, so it is not a substitute for regular toothbrushing and flossing.[61] Instead, chlorhexidine mouthwash is more effective when used every bit an adjunctive handling with toothbrushing and flossing.[threescore] In the short term, if toothbrushing is impossible due to hurting, as may occur in master herpetic gingivostomatitis, chlorhexidine mouthwash is used as a temporary substitute for other oral hygiene measures.[61] It is not suited for use in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, notwithstanding.[61] Rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthwash before a tooth extraction reduces the risk of a dry socket, a painful condition where the blood clot is lost from an extraction socket and bone is exposed to the rima oris.[62] Other uses of chlorhexidine mouthwash include prevention of oral candidiasis in immunocompromised persons,[61] treatment of denture-related stomatitis, mucosal ulceration/erosions and oral mucosal lesions, general burning sensation[60] and many other uses.[61]

Chlorhexidine has skillful substantivity (the ability of a mouthwash to bind to hard and soft tissues in the mouth).[58] Still, chlorhexidine binds to tannins, meaning that prolonged utilise in persons who consume coffee, tea or red wine is associated with extrinsic staining (i.e. removable staining) of teeth.[58] Chlorhexidine mouthwash tin too crusade taste disturbance or alteration.[60] Chlorhexidine is rarely associated with other problems like overgrowth of enterobacteria in persons with leukemia, desquamation and irritation of oral mucosa, salivary gland pain and swelling, and hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis.[58] A randomized clinical trial conducted in Rabat University in Kingdom of morocco establish better results in plaque inhibition when chlorohexidine with alcohol base 0.12% was used, when compared to an alcohol-complimentary 0.1% chlorhexidine mouthrinse.[63] Chlorhexidine mouthwashes increase staining of teeth over a menstruation of time. Nonetheless, many publications, and, in recent times, too a systematic review (van Swaaij 2020) revealed that an AntiDiscoloration System (ADS) based on 50-ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite is able to reduce tooth staining without affecting the antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine. [64]

Hexetidine[38] also has anti-plaque, analgesic, astringent and anti-malodor properties, merely is considered an inferior alternative to chlorhexidine.[65]

Edible oils [edit]

In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, the utilize of oil mouthwashes is chosen "Kavala" ("oil swishing") or "Gandusha",[25] [66] and this practice has more recently been re-marketed by the complementary and alternative medicine industry as "oil pulling".[25] Its promoters claim it works past "pulling out" "toxins", which are known as ama in Ayurvedic medicine, and thereby reducing inflammation.[67] Ayurvedic literature claims that oil pulling is capable of improving oral and systemic health, including a benefit in conditions such as headaches, migraines, diabetes mellitus, asthma,[25] and acne, as well as whitening teeth.[68]

Oil pulling has received picayune study and in that location is piffling evidence to support claims made by the technique's advocates.[66] When compared with chlorhexidine in i small study, it was found to be less effective at reducing oral bacterial load,[69] [seventy] and the other health claims of oil pulling accept failed scientific verification[66] or take not been investigated.[66] In that location is a written report of lipid pneumonia caused by adventitious inhalation of the oil during oil pulling.[71] [72] [73]

The oral fissure is rinsed with approximately one tablespoon of oil for 10–xx minutes then spat out.[66] [68] Sesame oil, kokosnoot oil and ghee are traditionally used,[68] just newer oils such as sunflower oil are also used.[68]

Essential oils [edit]

Phenolic compounds and monoterpenes include essential oil constituents that take some antibacterial backdrop,[38] [74] such as eucalyptol,[14] eugenol,[38] hinokitiol,[75] menthol,[76] phenol,[38] or thymol.[38] Essential oils are oils which have been extracted from plants. Mouthwashes based on essential oils could be more than effective than traditional mouthcare equally anti-gingival treatments.[74] [77] They have been establish effective in reducing halitosis, and are being used in several commercial mouthwashes.

Fluoride (anticavity) [edit]

Anti-crenel mouthwashes use sodium fluoride to protect confronting tooth decay.[78] Fluoride-containing mouthwashes are used as prevention for dental caries for individuals who are considered at higher risk for tooth decay, whether due to xerostomia related to salivary dysfunction or side furnishings of medication, to non drinking fluoridated water, or to existence physically unable to intendance for their oral needs (brushing and flossing), and as handling for those with dentinal hypersensitivity, gingival recession/ root exposure.

Flavoring agents and Xylitol [edit]

Flavoring agents include sweeteners such equally sorbitol, sucralose, sodium saccharin, and xylitol, which stimulate salivary role due to their sweet and taste and helps restore the rima oris to a neutral level of acidity.[ii]

Xylitol rinses double as a bacterial inhibitor,[79] and accept been used every bit substitute for booze to avert dryness of oral cavity associated with alcohol.[ii]

Hydrogen peroxide [edit]

Hydrogen peroxide can exist used as an oxidizing mouthwash (eastward.g. Peroxyl, 1.5%).[61] [80] It kills anaerobic bacteria, and likewise has a mechanical cleansing action when it froths as it comes into contact with droppings in mouth.[61] Information technology is often used in the brusk term to care for acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis.[61] Side furnishings tin can occur with prolonged employ, including hypertrophy of the lingual papillae.[61]

Lactoperoxidase (saliva substitute) [edit]

Enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins, such as lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin, take been used in mouthwashes (e.g., Biotene) to reduce levels of oral bacteria, and, hence, of the acids produced past these bacteria.[81]

Lidocaine/xylocaine [edit]

Oral lidocaine is useful for the handling of mucositis symptoms (inflammation of mucous membranes) induced by radiations or chemotherapy.[82] There is testify that lidocaine anesthetic mouthwash has the potential to be systemically absorbed, when it was tested in patients with oral mucositis who underwent a bone marrow transplant.[83]

Methyl salicylate [edit]

Methyl salicylate functions equally an clarified, antiinflammatory, and analgesic amanuensis, a flavoring, and a fragrance.[42] Methyl salicylate has some anti-plaque action, but less than chlorhexidine.[58] Methyl salicylate does not stain teeth.[58]

Nystatin [edit]

Nystatin suspension is an antifungal ingredient used for the treatment of oral candidiasis.[84]

Potassium oxalate [edit]

A randomized clinical trial found promising results in controlling and reducing dentine hypersensitivity when potassium oxalate mouthwash was used in conjugation with toothbrushing.[85]

Povidone/iodine (PVP-I) [edit]

A 2005 study found that gargling three times a day with simple water or with a povidone-iodine solution was effective in preventing upper respiratory infection and decreasing the severity of symptoms if contracted.[86] Other sources attribute the do good to a simple placebo event.[87]

PVP-I in full general covers "a wider virucidal spectrum, covering both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses, than the other commercially available antiseptics",[88] which likewise includes the novel SARS-CoV-2 Virus.[89] [90]

Sanguinarine [edit]

Sanguinarine-containing mouthwashes are marketed every bit anti-plaque and anti-malodor treatments.[58] Sanguinarine is a toxic alkaloid herbal extract, obtained from plants such as Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot), Argemone mexicana (Mexican prickly poppy), and others.[58] However, its utilise is strongly associated with the development of leukoplakia (a white patch in the mouth), usually in the buccal sulcus.[58] [91] This type of leukoplakia has been termed "sanguinaria-associated keratosis", and more than 80% of people with leukoplakia in the vestibule of the mouth have used this substance. Upon stopping contact with the causative substance, the lesions may persist for years. Although this type of leukoplakia may show dysplasia, the potential for malignant transformation is unknown.[92] Ironically, elements within the complementary and alternative medicine industry promote the utilise of sanguinaria every bit a therapy for cancer.

Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes combined with table salt to make a elementary homemade mouthwash, indicated for any of the reasons that a saltwater mouthwash might be used. Pre-mixed mouthwashes of 1% sodium bicarbonate and 1.five% sodium chloride in aqueous solution are marketed, although pharmacists will easily be able to produce such a formulation from the base ingredients when required. Sodium bicarbonate mouthwash is sometimes used to remove viscous saliva and to aid visualization of the oral tissues during examination of the mouth.[56] : 4

Sodium chloride (common salt) [edit]

Saltwater mouthwash, too known equally salt rinse, is fabricated past dissolving 0.5–1 teaspoon of table salt into a cup of water[1] [61] [93] which is equally hot as possible without causing discomfort in the mouth. Saline has a mechanical cleansing action and an antiseptic activity, as it is a hypertonic solution in relation to bacteria, which undergo lysis. The estrus of the solution produces a therapeutic increase in blood flow (hyperemia)[61] to the surgical site, promoting healing.[1] Hot saltwater mouthwashes also encourage the draining of pus from dental abscesses.[94] Conversely, if oestrus is practical on the side of the face up (due east.grand., hot water bottle) rather than inside the mouth, it may cause a dental abscess to drain extra-orally, which is later associated with an area of fibrosis on the face (see cutaneous sinus of dental origin).[93] Gargling with saltwater is said to reduce the symptoms of a sore pharynx.[95]

Hot saltwater oral cavity baths (or hot saltwater mouthwashes, sometimes abbreviated to "HSWMW") are besides routinely used after oral surgery, to proceed food debris out of healing wounds and to preclude infection. Some oral surgeons consider saltwater mouthwashes the mainstay of wound cleanliness later surgery.[93] In dental extractions, hot saltwater mouthbaths should start nigh 24 hours after a dental extraction.[93] The term oral fissure bath implies that the liquid is passively held in the mouth, rather than vigorously swilled around (which could dislodge a blood clot). Once the blood clot has stabilized, the mouthwash can be used more vigorously.[93] These mouthwashes tend to be brash for employ nearly 6 times per twenty-four hours, especially after meals (to remove nutrient from the socket).[93]

Sodium lauryl sulfate (foaming amanuensis) [edit]

Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is used every bit a foaming agent in many oral hygiene products, including many mouthwashes. Some may advise that it is probably appropriate to utilise mouthwash at least an hour after brushing with toothpaste when the toothpaste contains SLS, since the anionic compounds in the SLS toothpaste can conciliate cationic agents present in the mouthwash.[96]

Sucralfate [edit]

Sucralfate is a mucosal blanket amanuensis, equanimous of an aluminum salt of sulfated sucrose.[97] It is not recommended for apply in the prevention of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy or chemoradiation, due to a lack of efficacy found in a well-designed, randomized controlled trial.[97]

Tetracycline (antibody) [edit]

Tetracycline is an antibiotic which may sometimes be used as a mouthwash in adults (it causes reddish staining of teeth in children). It is sometimes use for herpetiforme ulceration (an uncommon type of aphthous stomatitis), but prolonged use may atomic number 82 to oral candidiasis, equally the fungal population of the mouth overgrows in the absence of plenty competing bacteria.[56] : 209 Similarly, minocycline mouthwashes of 0.five% concentrations tin can relieve symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.[98] Erythromycin is like.[22]

Tranexamic acid [edit]

A four.eight% tranexamic acid solution is sometimes used as an antifibrinolytic mouthwash to foreclose bleeding during and later on oral surgery in persons with coagulopathies (clotting disorders) or who are taking anticoagulants (blood thinners such as warfarin).[99] : 473

Triclosan [edit]

Triclosan is a non-ionic chlorinate bisphenol antiseptic constitute in some mouthwashes.[100] When used in mouthwash (e.g. 0.03%), there is moderate substantivity, broad spectrum anti-bacterial activity, some anti-fungal activeness, and meaning anti-plaque result, especially when combined with a copolymer or zinc citrate.[58] Triclosan does not crusade staining of the teeth.[58] The safe of triclosan has been questioned.[101]

Zinc [edit]

Astringents like zinc chloride provide a pleasant-tasting sensation and compress tissues.[102] Zinc, when used in combination with other antiseptic agents, can limit the buildup of tartar.[103]

See too [edit]

  • Virucide

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • Article on Bad-Jiff Prevention Products – from MSNBC
  • Mayo Clinic Q&A on Magic Mouthwash for chemotherapy sores
  • Irrigate at the Centre for Cancer Didactics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash

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